Interior least tern management in the Wabash River drainage began with the 1986 discovery of a single nesting pair on Gibson Generating Station property, Gibson County, Indiana (Hayes and Pike 2011, entire; Mills 2018, pp. (Photo/ U.S. However, Interior least terns are strong flyers and capable of exploiting a large variety of aquatic habitats and fish species, including exotic species that may invade rivers such as Asian carp. 2, 24; 2018, pp. 2006, p. 179). The majority of the remainder of species' range occurs along unimpounded sections of the Mississippi river not subject to flow management. developer tools pages. 41-42). State Status: Special Concern None . Reservoir releases for hydropower, navigation, and flood control also were found to adversely affect Interior least tern populations surviving below these same dams (Service 1990, p. 22). We must receive requests for a public hearing, in writing, at the address shown in FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT by the date shown in DATES. federally endangered. Therefore, we invite tribal and governmental agencies, the scientific community, industry, and other interested parties to submit data, comments, and new information concerning this proposed rule. establishing the XML-based Federal Register as an ACFR-sanctioned We may determine that a species is an endangered or threatened species due to one or more of the five factors described in section 4(a)(1) of the Act: (A) The present or threatened destruction, modification, or curtailment of its habitat or range; (B) overutilization for commercial, recreational, scientific, or educational purposes; (C) disease or predation; (D) the inadequacy of existing regulatory mechanisms; or (E) other natural or manmade factors affecting its continued existence. 94-95). Within large metapopulations of mobile species, small subpopulations (or colonies within subpopulations) may occur in habitats where recruitment is inconsistent or may not exceed mortality (i.e., population sinks), but which are maintained by immigration from colonies where recruitment exceeds mortality (i.e., population sources). We seek information, data, and comments from the public regarding this proposed rule and the associated draft PDM plan. This prototype edition of the Hof et al. 3617-3618), and may not be uncommon (Boyd and Thompson 1985, p. 405). While the salt plains populations were and continue to be historically localized in small portions of the Southern Plains, the sandbar populations occurred across a large latitudinal and longitudinal gradient, encompassing multiple river and stream orders, and a wide variety of climatic conditions. Least Tern nests on the ground, where it is vulnerable to predators and to human activity such as beach recreation. This proposed rule, if made final, might prompt some to several States to follow the final federal delisting determination and remove the Interior least tern from their endangered species lists, but in other States, the tern may continue to meet the definition of State endangered. Additionally, post-delisting habitat management commitments by USACE encompass about 80 percent of the Interior least tern population (see Start Printed Page 56989 It is a gregarious and charismatic creature, joining its neighbors to boldly mob, peck, and defecate on intruders to drive them away from their nests, which are situated on the ground. There are three populations of least terns in the United States. Z���퀅ʚ�p
y���u�׳"4f�J��r���{G�"��>J!��8�.r4��� documents in the last year, 745 Hardy (1957, entire) provided the first information on least tern distribution on large interior rivers, documenting records of occurrence and nesting in the Mississippi, Ohio, Missouri, Arkansas, and Red river drainages. documents in the last year, by the Food and Drug Administration Therefore, while Interior least tern colonies may be locally or regionally affected by changes in frequency and duration of extreme discharge events and droughts, or high temperatures, the dispersal of the Interior least tern over a wide geographical area encompassing a variety of latitudinal and longitudinal gradients, its long life, and its ability to move long distances indicate the tern's resilience to future patterns of predicted effects of climate change (Lott et al. Since its 1985 listing under the Act, the Interior least tern has shown an ability to adapt to changing environmental conditions caused by both human and natural disturbances. 11-12). 813-815; Draheim et al. Federal Status: Not listed . ), Clean Water Act (CWA), and MBTA) and endorsing Federal efforts to advance environmental goals. Prior to nesting, young birds exhibit some level of prospecting behavior (exploratory dispersal) across the landscape (e.g., Boyd and Thompson 1985, p. 405; Lott 2012, p. 12; Shigeta in litt. 26-27). Species viability, or its ability to survive long term, is related to its ability Start Printed Page 56987to withstand catastrophic population and species-level events (redundancy), to adapt to changing environmental conditions (representation), and to withstand disturbances of varying magnitude and duration (resiliency). The Interior least tern adjusts to habitat variation and change over its range through metapopulation dynamics (Hanski and Gilpin 1991, entire; Lott et al. documents in the last year, by the Civil Rights Commission We have determined that we do not need to prepare an environmental assessment or environmental impact statement, as defined in the National Environmental Policy Act (42 U.S.C. As to the Rio Grande drainage, it is now recognized that the subpopulations found within the drainage represent recent exploitation of anthropogenic habitats and are not historical habitats; thus, these areas were inappropriately designated as “essential” segments of the tern's ecosystem in the recovery plan (Service 2013, pp. Endangered Species. The review recommends delisting the tern pending (a) demographic modeling to ensu… Fish and Wildlife Service. corresponding official PDF file on govinfo.gov. The following analysis, based on an assessment of the Interior least tern, evaluates these previously identified threats, any other threats currently facing the species, and any other threats that are reasonably likely to affect the Interior least tern in the foreseeable future following the delisting and the removal of the Act's protections. Therefore, quantitative evaluation of population model outputs are similar to and support prior qualitative observations that Interior least tern populations are resilient to many potential changes in habitat conditions across their large river network (Lott et al. Interior least tern fall migrations generally follow major river basins to their confluence with the Mississippi River and then south to the Gulf of Mexico; however, late summer observations of least terns more than 150 km (93 mi) from major river drainages indicate that some birds migrate over land (Thompson et al. In the Platte River drainage, the Tern and Plover Conservation Partnership was initiated in 1999, at the University of Nebraska, School of Natural Resources. Interior least tern chicks leave their nests within a few days of hatching (semiprecocial), but remain near the nests and are fed by their parents until fledging (Thompson et al. 33-36). Relevant information about this document from Regulations.gov provides additional context. 2012, p. 2854). 2013, p. 3620; Lott and Shepard 2017, entire). 2017, entire; Nupp 2016, entire), and Wabash rivers (Mills 2018, entire). Interior least terns are primarily piscivores (fish-eaters), and feed opportunistically on small fish species or the young of larger fish species. documents in the last year, by the National Park Service The Interior least tern is also well adapted to adjust to variability and changes in local habitat availability, quality, and quantity through metapopulation dynamics (see Habitat Criteria, above, for detail on metapopulation dynamics), enhanced by the species' longevity, dispersal capability, and ability to re-nest (e.g., Lott et al. The least tern is the smallest of the North . documents in the last year, 233 Beyond the identification of specific river reaches as “essential,” habitat parameters were not defined, nor were specific objective and measurable criteria for their protection identified. 661 et seq. Distribution: Few records exist of least terns in NH. Endangered Species Act; At-Risk Species Conservation; At-Risk Species Finder; 90-Day Findings; Critical Habitat; Recovery; 5-Year Reviews; Emergency Consultation; Voluntary … Until the ACFR grants it official status, the XML Then, click on the Search button. The least tern (Sternula antillarum) is a species of tern that breeds in North America and locally in northern South America.It is closely related to, and was formerly often considered conspecific with, the little tern of the Old World.Other close relatives include the yellow-billed tern and Peruvian tern, both from South America.. Confirmation that a portion does indeed meet one of these prongs does not create a presumption, prejudgment, or other determination as to whether the species is an endangered species or threatened species. After reviewing the best available scientific information regarding the taxonomy of the Interior least tern, we continue to conclude that it is a population of the eastern least tern (Sternula antillarum). Interior least tern eggs, chicks, and adults are prey for a variety of mammal and bird predators. The President of the United States communicates information on holidays, commemorations, special observances, trade, and policy through Proclamations. The listed population included only those least terns that breed and nest within the boundary of the continental United States on interior rivers and other water bodies. 1992, p. 980). 1992, p. 134; Renken and Smith 1995, pp. 222 0 obj
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Fish and Wildlife Service will propose taking the interior population of the least tern off the endangered list. offers a preview of documents scheduled to appear in the next day's headings within the legal text of Federal Register documents. 1997, pp. The President of the United States manages the operations of the Executive branch of Government through Executive orders. Thirty replicates of the model were run for 30 years, and population growth (or decline) rates were calculated for each replicate (and then averaged across replicates) at the spatial scales of scenario area, subpopulation, drainage population, and the entire listed population of the Interior least tern. The California Least Tern (Sternula antillarum browni) is an endangered species of migratory seabird that nests along the coasts of California through Baja every April through mid-September. 2014, entire). Recovery plans provide a road map for the public with site-specific management actions for private, Tribal, federal, and state cooperation in conserving listed species and their ecosystems. Fish and Wildlife Service will propose taking the interior population of the least tern off the endangered list. All comments and recommendations, including names and addresses, will become part of the administrative record. Portions of these four population complexes have experienced multi-year monitoring to different degrees. The tern will continue to be conserved by habitat management programs over more than 80 percent of its range (see Habitat Criteria under Recovery section, above). 49-53) indicating that the Missouri River drainage Interior least tern population is sustainable and recovered. to the courts under 44 U.S.C. 7-8) documented mortality of eggs and chicks from heat exposure in rooftop colonies. Determining whether the status of a species has improved to the point that it can be delisted or downlisted requires consideration of the same five factors identified above. documents in the last year, 10 FWS-R4-ES-2018-0082). 703 et seq.). The draft PDM plan is availability for public review at http://www.regulations.gov under Docket Number FWS-R4-ES-2018-0082. 2013, p. 3623). (2) By hard copy: Submit by U.S. mail or hand-delivery to: Public Comments Processing, Attn: FWS-R4-ES-2018-0082, U.S. However, many Federal action agencies now have an extensive history of managing and restoring Interior least tern habitats (some more than two decades) in compliance with non-discretionary requirements of section 7(a)(2) of the Act (in the Missouri, Red, Arkansas, middle Mississippi Rivers), as well as discretionary components of section 7(a)(1) of the Act, E.O. ), carps and minnows (Cyprinidae), freshwater drum (Aplodinotus grunniens), largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides), white bass (Morone chrysops), sunfishes (Lepomis spp. The Least Tern is the smallest tern in North America and nests on sandy beaches along both coasts of the United States, and along major rivers in the interior of the continent. documents in the last year, 1437 Lott (2006, p. 50) reported an increase to over 17,500 adult birds in 2005, forming 489 colonies in 68 distinct geographic sites. The primary author of this document is Paul Hartfield of the Mississippi Ecological Services Field Office (see FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT). Section 4(g)(1) of the Act requires us to monitor for not less than 5 years, the status of all species that are delisted due to recovery. However, the wide distribution of the species, its current high numbers, its long life span, and its ability to relocate and re-nest make the Interior least tern resilient to occasional or periodic local sources of mortality, as well as potential effects of climate change. Register, and does not replace the official print version or the official Location and size of nesting colonies also has a significant influence on degree of predation. 3-4; 2016 pp. As previously noted, the Interior least tern uses a variety of anthropogenic habitats such as navigation systems, reservoirs, sand mines, and so forth, allowing the Interior least tern to not only survive, but also to thrive in some drainages, and even expand its range into areas without historical records. documents in the last year, 23 Additionally, the increases documented in the abundance and distribution of the Interior least tern, since it was listed in 1985, do not support a conclusion that any of these stressors cumulatively pose a threat to the Interior least tern. by the Small Business Administration Federal Status: None . The ability of migratory birds to cope with rapid climate change effects depends upon the rate of their adaptive response to the changes (Knudson et al. Under the Act, we may delist a species if the best scientific and commercial data indicate Start Printed Page 56978the species is neither an endangered species nor a threatened species for one or more of the following reasons: (2) The species has recovered and is no longer endangered or threatened; or. Monitoring data show some breeding colonies or subpopulation segments may decline or relocate due to localized stressors (e.g., predation, disturbance), regional stressors (e.g., droughts, floods), or their cumulative effects. Fish and Wildlife Service, Mississippi Ecological Services Field Office, 6578 Dogwood View Parkway, Jackson, MS 39213; telephone (601) 321-1122. Least terns are migratory and only occur in Oklahoma only during the breeding season. Our review of the best available scientific and commercial information indicates that the Interior least tern is not in danger of extinction nor likely to become an endangered species within the foreseeable future throughout all or a significant portion of its range. Below, we present a summary of the biological and distributional information discussed in the 5-year review and new information published or obtained since. 473-477) or the Lott (2006, p. 52) immigration hypotheses as a factor in the 20-year increase in Interior least tern counts. Interior least terns are listed as endangered in the following 16 of the 18 States where they occur: South Dakota, Nebraska, Colorado, Iowa, Illinois, Missouri, Kansas, Mississippi, Arkansas, Louisiana, Kentucky, Tennessee, Indiana, New Mexico, Montana, and Texas. The federal government must declare this situation what it is – an emergency – and take action to protect these animals now.” The petition asks the National Marine Fisheries Service to find that entanglements in the vertical buoy lines used in commercial fisheries are having an immediate and significant adverse impact on right whales and to issue emergency regulations to address that impact. Therefore, no portions warrant further consideration through a more detailed analysis, and the species is not in danger of extinction or likely to become so in the foreseeable future in any significant portion of its range. The Interior least tern prefers vegetation-free sand or gravel islands for nesting, although sand banks, point bars, salt flats or plains, and beaches may also be used. The least tern is the smallest tern in North America. The interior population, which once inhabited all the major river systems in the middle of the country, evolved to take advantage of constantly changing rivers and fish concentrated in pools by retreating summer flows. Section 4(g) of the Act explicitly requires that we cooperate with the States in development and implementation of PDM programs. In addition to the numerical population targets identified in the recovery plan for five major river drainages throughout the tern's range (see above), sub-drainage targets were also identified for the Missouri and Arkansas River drainages (Service 1990, pp. Interior least tern : endangered species . Since that time, genetic analyses of North American populations of least tern found no evidence of differentiation warranting subspecies recognition (e.g., Whittier 2001, p. 10; Draheim et al. And our job there is to keep Navy aircraft and aviators safe. In this 2007 photo provided by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, an interior least tern hatchling sits with other eggs in a nest on an island in the Lower Mississippi River. Lott and Wiley (2012, pp. More information and documentation can be found in our The least tern is protected by the U.S. Migratory Bird Treaty Act. However, we remain ultimately responsible for compliance with section 4(g) and, therefore, must remain actively engaged in all phases of PDM. 12/04/2020, 42 306, 322; USACE 2013, p. 60). We will summarize the opinions of these reviewers in the final decision documents, and we will consider their input and any additional information we receive as part of our process of making a final decision on this proposal and draft PDM plan. Having determined that the Interior least tern is not in danger of extinction or likely to become so in the foreseeable future throughout all of its range, we now consider whether it may be in danger of extinction or likely to become so in the foreseeable future in an SPR. Most of these subpopulations have been stable or increasing over the past two decades (Lott et al. The objective of the recovery plan is to meet the standard of recovery that leads to delisting the Interior least tern. These trends of habitat degradation were also expected to continue throughout most of the tern's fragmented range (Smith and Stuckey 1988, entire). In this Issue, Documents FINAL REPORT TO California Department of Fish and Game 1416 Ninth Street Sacramento, CA 95814 CONTRACT FG6138 (FY96/97) Partially Supported by Section 6 Federal Grant-in-Aid Funding for Endangered Species, California, EW96, X-l CALIFORNIA LEAST TERN … FL Status: State-designated Threatened. Nesting site conditions (e.g., habitat suitability, flood cycles, prey fish abundance, predation pressure) can vary significantly from year to year in all drainages, resulting in wide fluctuations in bird numbers (Jones 2012, p. 14) and/or nesting success (Smith and Renken 1993, p. 41; Lott and Wiley 2012, p. 15). Lott (2006, entire) organized, compiled, and reported a synchronized rangewide count for Interior least tern in 2005, finding tern numbers had doubled since 1995 (17,591 birds rangewide; 62 percent occurring along the Lower Mississippi River), equaling or exceeding least tern population estimates along the U.S. Gulf Coast (Lott 2006, p. 50). 12/04/2020, 857 2017, p. 3588). Within 1 year of the publication of this proposed rule, we will make a final determination on the proposal. However, since the tern was listed, the Missouri River system has received a significant commitment of conservation attention and resources (USACE 2019a), particularly in comparison to other drainages that have experienced increases in tern populations. Listing Status . On the resulting page, in the Search panel on the left side of the screen, under the Document Type heading, click on the Proposed Rule box to locate this document. Recovery criteria identified in the recovery plan were designed to assure the protection of essential habitat by removal of threats at that time and habitat enhancement, establish agreed-upon management plans, and attain a rangewide population of 7,000 birds at the levels listed below (for five major river drainages throughout the Interior least tern's range): (1) Adult birds in the Missouri River system will increase to 2,100, and remain stable for 10 years. After 34 years on the endangered species list, a tiny Midwestern bird is ready to fly free of federal protection. Individuals who use a telecommunications device for the deaf (TDD), may call the Federal Relay Service at (800) 877-8339. Therefore, the importance of specific habitat segments to the species is likely to change with time. Starvation of California least tern chicks has been reported due to the detrimental effects of El Niño on fish abundance (Massey and Fancher 1989, p. 354; Massey et al. In the Search box, enter FWS-R4-ES-2018-0082, which is the docket number for this rulemaking. Additionally, significantly higher rates of predation were documented in larger colonies compared to smaller colonies (Burger 1984, p. 65). We therefore propose to remove the Interior least tern from the Federal List of Endangered and Threatened Wildlife at 50 CFR 17.11(h). Natural nesting habitat features are maintained and influenced by magnitude and timing of riverine flood events (Sidle et al. The recovery plan outlined several tasks to protect and enhance Interior least tern habitats, including managing water flows, modifying construction activities, and protecting all areas identified as “essential” across the species' range through acquisition, easements, or agreements (Service 1990, pp. documents in the last year, 1467 ), in connection with regulations adopted pursuant to section 4(a) of the Endangered Species Act. 1997, p. 11). The least tern is the smallest tern in North America. 28-29). Possession and take (which includes harming, harassing, injuring and killing) is illegal. on may increase in frequency and severity in some portions of the Interior least tern's range, most are site-specific and sporadic, or otherwise limited in scope. When the Interior least tern was listed in 1985, the listing rule (50 FR 21784) noted that while the MBTA protected migratory birds from harm or harassment, it did not provide a mechanism to address habitat threats. in length), a . Document Drafting Handbook 2013, p. 3623), with nesting colonies found in 18 States, including: Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska, Colorado, Iowa, Kansas, Missouri, Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, New Mexico, Oklahoma, Arkansas, Tennessee, Texas, Louisiana, and Mississippi. The north to south distribution encompasses over 21 degrees of latitude (more than 2,300 km Start Printed Page 56981(1,450 mi)) from Montana to southern Texas. 1998, pp. 2010, pp. These tools are designed to help you understand the official document In developing a final determination on this proposed action, we will take into consideration all comments and any additional information we receive. Invasive salt cedar and willow growth, decreases in annual rainfall, and overuse and depletion of aquifers, coupled with increased human water demands, are occurring in the Southern and Northern Plains rivers, possibly to the future detriment of Interior least tern habitat and forage availability in those drainages. 1024-1025). 5-7), and colonies on natural habitats may also become negatively affected by increasing summer temperatures. terns that also inhabit New Jersey’s coastal . 31-33). On the other hand, extreme drought events that connect nesting islands to the mainland and result in increased predation of some Interior least tern colonies may be offset by higher abundance of available nesting areas, increased dispersal of reproductive efforts, and higher local recruitment rates of some colonies during low flow periods. 26-27). Since the Interior least tern is protected by the State of Indiana, management and monitoring is expected to continue regardless of a change in the Federal status of species.
The U.S. On Wednesday, Oct. 23, 2019, the U.S. Interior least tern is a migratory bird species, nesting along freshwater habitats of the Missouri and Mississippi rivers and their major tributaries and overwintering in the Caribbean and South America. Least terns are the smallest of terns, but they travel far. (2013, pp. If we adopt this rule as proposed, the prohibitions and conservation measures provided by the Act would no longer apply to the Interior least tern. Census data currently indicate about 5,000 interior least terns. black-capped tern with white underparts . Fish and Wildlife Service, Exercising the Authority of the Director for the U.S. This information is not part of the official Federal Register document. After it was listed, researchers increased survey effort and the geographical extent of the area surveyed, producing sufficient Interior least tern count data to analyze population trends for several river reaches that support persistent breeding colonies. 2010, p. 816). Under the Act, we are required to conduct a review of all listed species at least once every 5 years (5-year review) to review their status and determine whether they should be classified differently or removed from listed status. Interior least tern was one of three subspecies of New World (North and South America) least terns previously recognized by the American Ornithologists' Union (1957, p. 239), including the eastern least tern and the California least tern (S. antillarum browni). The Interior least tern has demonstrated a positive population trend, increasing by almost an order of magnitude (or 10 times what it was prior) since it was listed in 1985. We are required by Executive Orders 12866 and 12988 and by the Presidential Memorandum of June 1, 1998, to write all rules in plain language. Aug. 24, 2018). 2012). from 42 agencies. American terns (about 9 in. During the 25-year monitoring period on the Missouri River, the greatest cause of egg loss has been predation (3 percent) (Aron in litt. Existing State and Federal regulatory mechanisms (Factor D) are adequate to protect the tern from the reduced threats. This colonization led to site monitoring, predator control and other protective measures, as well as vegetation control, water management, and habitat management and creation, resulting in increasing numbers of terns and expansion of nesting colonies to multiple sites on public and private properties in the vicinity (Hayes and Pike 2011, entire). Such efforts may or may not continue should the tern be delisted; however, it is also likely that the terns will continue to exploit small areas of suitable habitats as they are available and encountered in its range. The provisions of the MBTA will remain in place. The viability of a species is also dependent on the likelihood of new stressors or continued threats now and in the future that act to reduce a species' redundancy, representation, and resiliency. Such information may lead to a final rule that differs from this proposal. documents in the last year, 34 9-11) described five physical and biological conditions that are necessary for Interior least tern nest initiation and successful reproduction: (1) Nest sites that are not inundated (flooded) during egg laying and incubation; (2) Nesting sites that are not inundated until chicks can fly; (3) Nesting sites with less than 30 percent ground vegetation; (4) Nesting sites that are more than 76 meters (m) (250 feet (ft)) from large trees; and. Declines in fish prey have been noted on the Missouri River (Stucker 2012, p. 21) and in some years on the Mississippi River (Dugger 1997, pp. The purpose of such review is to ensure that we base our decisions on scientifically sound data, assumptions, and analyses. Another 10 percent of the population is managed by State and private partnerships, which are expected to continue based upon State status and regulations. 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